Thursday, November 28, 2019

A Martian Sends a Postcard Home- Essay on point of view Essay Example

A Martian Sends a Postcard Home- Essay on point of view Paper Most analysts believe that the poem is simple and literally is about what the title suggests, UT really It could be discussing the Martians feeling of being trapped and wanting to go home. Realer provides us with many analogies about the Martians Inability to do stuff which could coincide with the barrier between freedom and being trapped like prison. Michael Vicki, a pro football player, has a very interesting description of prison, of being trapped which provides a very interesting analogy that can be made with Rains lines about the Martian. The poem provides many analogies that could represent the feeling of entrapment. For example Rain says Model T is a room with he lock inside?a key is turned to free the world. Rain is making a reference to the Martian being confused and doing everything backwards compared to a human. Rain even makes mention of some sort of haunting as he mentions ghost cries and creepy sounds that wake you up. Even more he talks about time going by as your tied to the wrist and ticking with impatience. It is amazing how confused the Martian is, he is trapped in a deeper meaning wanting to be free. We will write a custom essay sample on A Martian Sends a Postcard Home- Essay on point of view specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Martian Sends a Postcard Home- Essay on point of view specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Martian Sends a Postcard Home- Essay on point of view specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the end Rain provides his audience with something very Interesting. He uses an analogy where the Martian Is impairing the bathroom to a prison by saying it is a punishment room with only water. This really sets off an idea that Rain could possibly be referencing a prison in his poem. In the real world there are many examples of people crossing the boundary between freedom to Imprisonment and back to freedom. One example of this is Michael Vicki who threw away everything when he was convicted of dog fighting a few years ago. Vicki walked into prison, didnt look at anyone or anything, he was lost. He bit into pork from the cafeteria; it tasted weird not at all like pork he said. He was locked up and all he wanted was freedom. He continued to say how terrible things were as he described the type of things that go on at night In the cell that caused for terribly disturbing nights. Vicki finally hit the wall when he heard his grandma died of a stroke, he said now was finally the time he realized how much he really screwed up. Time was ticking for Vicki and eventually after serving his sentence, he was released. He made the most of his new bound freedom by helping the community and not going back to the life he used to live.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Public Health Information Systems Essay Example

Public Health Information Systems Essay Example Public Health Information Systems Paper Public Health Information Systems Paper Executive Summary The development of this White Paper has been facilitated by the Public Health Data Standards Consortium (PHDSC) 1 and the Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE). 2 The White Paper was developed by the participants of the PHDSC-IHE Task Force. The information in this document represents the views of the individual Task Force participants and may not represent the views of their organizations. The overall goal of this effort is to facilitate standardization of health information exchanges between clinical care and public health. The objective is to engage the public health community in a dialogue with health information technology (HIT) vendors to assure that the work processes and data needs of public health stakeholders in health information exchanges are 1) well understood and agreed upon by stakeholders themselves, and then (2) communicated clearly to the developers of the interoperable clinical Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems and Public Health information systems (EHR-PH Systems). The White Paper consists of three sections. The first section describes public health and population health practices of public health agencies that require health information exchanges with clinical care. The second and third sections describe Immunization and Cancer Surveillance domains in the IHE Technical Tasks for Information Exchanges outline. The Appendix section contains the description of examples of other public health domains (research, chronic care, personal health record, surveys, obesity, cancer, etc. ). The PHDSC-IHE Task Force participants believe that this effort will result in the formation of a Public Health Domain at IHE to begin collaboration between public health and HIT vendor communities to guide the development of the IHE Integration Profiles for the Electronic Health Record Systems to enable electronic information exchanges between clinical and public health settings. So, this White Paper serves as a framing document for the creation of the Public Health Domain at IHE. PHDSC and IHE invite public health experts to review the White Paper. During the review period, we would like to invite representatives of public health domains/programs to submit a description of their domains/programs using the IHE Technical Tasks for Information Exchange outline, so the final White Paper can include other examples of public health domains in addition to the immunization and cancer surveillance domains. This will help to identify potential public health domains/programs for the development of the IHE Integration Profiles in the upcoming year(s). We also would like to invite the reviewers to join our Task Force to participate in the formation of a Public Health Domain at IHE to begin collaboration between public health and HIT vendor communities to guide the development of the IHE Integration Profiles for the Electronic Health Record Systems, to enable electronic information exchange between clinical and public health settings. 1 2 Public Health Data Standards Consortium (PHDSC). URL: phdsc. org Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE). URL: himss. org/ASP/topics_ihe.asp 6. What is Public Health Mission The mission of public health is to protect the public from health threatening diseases, assure disease prevention by providing access to care for individual patients, promote and restore wellness, and â€Å"to assure the conditions in which people may be healthy. † 3 The patient-centric mission of public health is carried out using publicly-funded healthcare services. Vulnerable or at-risk patients may receive patient care services directly in their homes or at a health clinic funded by a public health agency. There are community health centers funded in the US by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) that provide a safety net for low income families. Public health funds may also be used to pay for and provide laboratory, pharmacy and other services for eligible populations. In this role, public health care is similar to private health care. The population-based mission of public health is carried out on various levels of government. The public health infrastructure includes agencies that operate on a local, state and/or federal level. In the US, there are 3000 local health departments, 50 state health departments and several federal health agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Indian Health Service (IHS), and many others. In some states, the state health agency plays the key role in delivering services to communities; in other states, local health departments take the leading role. In some jurisdictions, public/private partnerships or other organizational entities may be involved in delivering public health services (e.g. , immunization coalitions – community-based groups that include parents). Stakeholders To fulfill its population-based and patient-centric mission, public health is represented by at least the following stakeholders: 3 Population at large Public health practitioners (including epidemiologists, environmental health specialists, health educators, public health nurses, administrators) Health care providers (including, but not limited to, publicly-delivered healthcare providers, e. g. , safety net clinic) Laboratories Payers Healthcare purchasers Pharmacies Other governmental agencies (e. g. , environmental, law enforcement) Professional Associations Research institutions Individual consumers, particularly vulnerable populations. Institute of Medicine. Future of Public Health. Report. 2002. 2nd edition. URL: iom. edu/? id=15251 7 Public Health Organization During the past 40 years, the population-based services of public health have been delivered using a categorical disease-specialized and services-specific domain approach. For example, public health agencies usually include the following programmatic areas and services: communicable disease control, lead poisoning prevention, vital registration, injury control, mental health services, substance abuse prevention and treatment, chronic disease prevention, newborn screening, immunizations, etc. (Tables 1 and 2). 4 This domain-specific organization of public health is supported by funding allocations that in turn shape the disease/domain-specific organizational structure of public health agencies, public health research activities, and workforce training. 5 Table 1. Personal Health, Population Level Assurance and Environmental Health Services Provided by Local Health Departments (LHD) 6 , 7 Personal Health Services Adult immunization Childhood immunization Tuberculosis treatment Sexually transmitted disease (STD) treatment Women, Infant Children (WIC) Family Planning Services Outreach and enrollment for medical insurance EPSDT LHDs Population Level LHDs Providing. Assurance Services Providing Service, Service, % % 91% Communicable 89% Disease surveillance 90% Tuberculosis 85% screening 85% Environmental Health 75% surveillance 61% High blood pressure 72% screening 67% 69% 58% Tobacco use  prevention HIV/AIDS screening 42% Blood lead screening 46%. Prenatal care Oral health care 4 40% Sexually transmitted disease screening Obesity prevention 31% Vector control Environmental Health Services Food service regulation Public swimming pool regulation Septic tank installation Schools/daycare centers LHDs Providing Service, % 76% 67% 66% 65% Private drinking water protection Lead inspections 57% 66% Hotels/motels regulation 49% 64% 39% 54% Campgrounds/ RVs regulation Smoke-free ordinances Groundwater / surface water protection 67% 56% 53% 38% 40% / 33% Lasker RD, editor. Medicine and public heath: the power of collaboration. 1997. New York, NY. Burke TA, Shalauta NM, Tran NL, Stern BS. The environmental Web: a national profile of the state infrastructure for environmental health and protection. J Public Health Manag Pract; 3(2):1-12. 6 Scutchfield, F. D. , Keck, C. W. Principles of public health practice, 2nd ed. 2003. Thomson/Delmar Learning: Clifton Park, NY. 7 2005 National Profile of Local Health Departments, National Association of County City Health Officials, July 2006. www. naccho. org 5 8 Personal Health Services Obstetrical care LHDs Population Level Providing Assurance Services Service, % 32% Diabetes screening Laboratory services 32%. Home health care School-based clinics 28% 25% HIV/AIDS treatment 26% Correctional health 20% Comprehensive primary care Behavioral/mental health services Substance abuse services Emergency medical services 14% 13% 11% 7% Unintended pregnancy prevention Cancer screening School health activities Chronic disease surveillance Injury control Cardiovascular disease screening Behavioral risk factors surveillance Syndromic surveillance Substance abuse prevention Violence prevention Injury surveillance Mental illness prevention LHDs Environmental Providing Health Services Service, % 51% Public drinking water protection 51% Health-related facilities regulation 46% Food processing 41% Mobile homes / housing inspections 41% Indoor air quality activities 40% Solid waste disposal regulation 36% Tobacco retailers LHDs Providing Service, % 30% 30% 30% 29% 29% 28% 21% 36% Animal Control 21% 33% Hazardous material response Hazardous waste disposal Land use planning Noise pollution Occupational safety health activities Radiation control 19% 26% 25% 24% 14% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 9 Table 2. Examples of Healthcare and Public health Responsibilities of State Health Departments (SHD) 8 Responsibilities SHDs Responsibilities SHDs Providing Providing Service,% Service,%. Healthcare Responsibilities Public health laboratory 79 Medical examiner 21 Rural health 79 State mental health authority 19 Children with special healthcare 77 State public health licensing agency 17 needs Minority health 72 State mental institution or hospital 17 Institutional licensing agency 60 Partial/split responsibility for 17 Medicaid State health planning 53 Medicaid state agency 15 development agency Partial/split leadership of 51 Lead environmental agency 15 environmental agency Public health pharmacy 34 State tuberculosis hospital 15 State nursing home 28 Health insurance regulation 15 Public Health Responsibilities. State public health authority 97 Disaster Preparedness 77 Newborn Screening 100 Perinatal Epidemiology 77 Immunizations 87 Violence Prevention 68 Bioterrorism 89 Emergency Medical Services 64 Regulation and Service Provision Injury Control Epidemiology 87 Quality Improvement or 62 Performance Measurement Injury Control Prevention 87 Toxicology 57 Breast and Cervical Cancer 87 Breast and Cervical Cancer 45 Screening Treatment Chronic Disease Epidemiology 85 Radon Control 55 Tobacco Control and Prevention 83 Institutional Review Board 45 State Title XXI Children’s health 28 Cancer Epidemiology 83 Insurance Initiative Environmental Epidemiology 79 8 Beitsch LM et al. Structure and functions of state public health agencies. APHA. 2006:96(1):167-72 10 Public Health Functions As a health care provider, public health clinics carry out all functions of a health care delivery system. As a governmental agency, public health is mandated to protect and improve the health of all people within a legal jurisdiction. It regulates healthcare services and coordinates healthcare delivery and resources allocation. The activities of public health agencies are focused on the following three core functions and ten essential services 9 , 10 : Assessment Monitor health status to identify community health problems; Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community; Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services; Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems Policy development and implementation Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems Assurance Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable Public Health Data Sources Individual-patient clinical data comprises a large portion of data used to conduct communicable disease surveillance, case investigation, case management, and care coordination. Aggregated clinical data are used to perform surveillance to detect public health threat events and monitor the population’s health status. To fulfill the goal of protecting the public’s health, health care providers and public health agencies need the capability to exchange pertinent health information about individuals and communities. In addition to clinical data, other data sources are needed for public health decision making. For example, public health practitioners use environmental data, housing data, socio-economic data, geographic data, as well as information generated from surveys and research activities to meet the goals of public health programs. 11 9 Institute of Medicine. Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health, 1988. Public Health Foundation. URL: www. health. gov/phfunctions/public. htm 11 Yasnof W, Overhage J, Humphrey B, LaVenture M. A national agenda for public health informatics. J Am Med Inf Ass 2001;8(6):535s of Domains, Stakeholders, Functions, Services Interventions, Data Sources Public Health Domains Stakeholders Infectious diseases Injury/Trauma Sexually transmitted diseases Consumer product safety Environmental health Occupational health Substance abuse. Mental health Chronic diseases Bioterrorism Disability Elected official Policy maker Health Department Researcher Private sector Clinician Educator Citizen Community Population Communitybased organizations Core Public Health Functions Assessment Policy development and implementation Assurance Essential Services Interventions Data Sources Data Types Monitoring Surveillance Screening Survey Risk assessment Policy research Policy development and implementation Regulation Outreach Case management Advocacy Social Marketing Education Evaluation Physician’s office patient medical record Registries Patient hospital records Emergency. Medical Services records Governmental regulations and guidelines Research databases Peers of Public Health Domains/Programs. 1 Research 6 Trauma Registries 2 Personal Health Record (PHR) 7 Chronic Diseases 3 Cancer Surveillance 8 Birth and Death Registries 4 Patient Safety and Population Health Perspectives 9 Obesity 5 Surveys 12 Orlova AO and Lehmann HR. A UML-based meta-framework for system design in public health informatics. AMIA 2002 Symposium Proceedings, November 9-13, San-Antonio, TX: 582-586. 12 Health Information Technology in Public Health For many decades, public health agencies and research institutions have been utilizing information technology (IT) to facilitate data management activities (data gathering, analysis, reporting, etc.). Public health information systems are created to support specific needs of disease-specific program areas within health departments, i. e. , newborn screening, birth defects, vital registration, immunization, communicable disease surveillance, chronic disease surveillance, school health, injury prevention, preparedness, etc. (Tables 1 2). These systems deploy various software products that are often custom-made and are not interoperable. Many of these systems contain redundant data; however, the varying data formats and standards preclude data integration across systems for public health decision support and research. These sytems lack the ability to provide real-time data back to providers for care coordination and disease prevention. The sections below describe the public health data gathering activities of clinical data that represent the major portion of public health data of interest. Current Practices on Data Reporting from Clinical Settings to Health Department Programs Most public health information systems are populated with data reported by health care providers. There is mandatory data reporting to CDC on 62 notifiable infectious diseases across all 50 states in the US 13 . This data is reported by clinicians to their local health departments. The latter reports this data to the state health department that in turn reports this data to CDC. In addition, various jurisdictions require clinicians to also report data on the conditions that are of interest for a specific jurisdiction (reportable conditions). Besides infectious disease reporting, various other public health programs receive data from clinician, e. g. , immunization registries, chronic disease registries, etc. In some jurisdictions, clinicians are expected to report data to both their local health department programs and their state health department programs. In many jurisdictions, data is currently reported using paper forms sent by fax or mail. For example in one state, providers (primary and emergency physicians) need to report data on 62 notifiable (mandatory) conditions and 32 reportable (state-specific) conditions using (a) over 50 various disease-specific Adobe Acrobat-generated paper forms required by the state communicable diseases surveillance system. This is in addition to providing data to other numerous programs maintained by the state health department. Lack of integration and interoperability across public health systems leads to the duplication of efforts and frustration among providers and consumers asked to provide the same information on multiple forms of varying formats to various programs. None of these activities are reimbursed by health insurance. According to the national data, public health data systems currently suffer from limitations such as underreporting (only 49% of cases are getting reported to public health agencies), 14 , 15 lack of 13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases. URL: cdc. gov/EPO/DPHSI/phs/infdis. htm 14 Campos-Outcalt D, England R, Porter B. Reporting of communicable diseases by university physicians. Public Health Rep 1991;106:579-583. 15 Marier R. The reporting of communicable diseases. Am J Epidemiol 1977;105:587-590. 13 representativeness, lack of timeliness, inconsistency of case definitions across systems, inability to integrate data across the systems, etc. 16 , 17 Figures. 1a-d present schematic views of paper-based data reporting by healthcare providers to various public health data systems at the State and local levels. These views may also be applicable to any web-based data reporting to individual public health data systems maintained by the programs. EHR-based Health Information Exchanges between Clinical Care and Public Health Because of the automation of clinical data – inpatient and increasingly outpatient – via the Electronic Health Record Systems (EHRS), public health programs stand at the threshold of change in the way in which they gather programmatic data. Many of the information systems used by local health departments are not capable of exchanging data through RHIOs or with health care service delivery agencies. Many of them are not capable of sending/receiving HL7 messages and cannot or do not comply with other nationally accepted vocabularies and standards. In addition, many of the systems are not configured to serve as an electronic medical record to receive information from physicians; this restricts their ability to contribute to a longitudinal health care record for those clients for whom they serve as a primary care provider Nationally, electronic health record systems are beginning to be certified taking into account these considerations. The issue of compatibility/interoperability of these systems with public health systems to be able to send, receive and exchange relevant data for both public health and clinical practice needs to be addressed. 18 16 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lesson Five: Public Health Surveillance. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. Third Edition (Print-based). 336-409. Available at: cdc. gov/training/products/ss1000/ss1000-ol. pdf. Last accessed November 29, 2006. 17 Konowitz PM, Petrossian GA, Rose DN. The underreporting of disease and physicians’ knowledge of reporting requirements. Public Health Rep 1984;99:31-35. 18 Laverne Snow. Personal Communications. June 9, 2007. 14 Health Education/Risk Reduction Genetic Disorder Communicable Diseases Communicable Diseases Vital Statistics Provider 1 Provider 1 Immunization Provider 2 Immunization EPSDT Provider 3 Lead and Environmental Epidemiology Provider 2 Injury Control Injury Control Provider 3 School Health Provider 4 School Health Chronic Care Chronic Care Provider 4 Biosurveilance, BT, Preparedness Biosurveilance, BT, Preparedness WIC Provider X WIC Occupational Safety and Health Public Health Laboratory Provider X HEDIS Cancer a b Genetic Disorder Genetic Disorders Vital Statistics Health Education/Risk Reduction Provider 1 Communicable Diseases Provider 2 Immunization HRSA Communicable Diseases Provider 1 AHRQ Lead Registry Immunization Provider 2 Provider 3 Vital Records Injury Control Injury Control School Health School Health Chronic Care Chronic Care Biosurveilance, BT, Preparedness Biosurveilance, BT, Preparedness WIC WIC Public Health Laboratory Occupational Safety and Health HEDIS Provider 4. Provider X CDC Injury Control Immunization EPSDT Provider 3 Communicable Diseases Provider 4 School Health Chronic Care Biosurveilance, BT, Preparedness Provider X HEDIS Cancer c d Fig 1. Paper-Based Data Reporting by Health Care Provider to Various Public Health Data Systems: a Provider’s Data Reporting to Local Health Department Data Systems; b Provider’s Data Reporting to State Health Department Data Systems: c Provider’s Data Reporting to Local and State Health Department Data Systems; d Multiple Providers Data Reporting to State Health Department Data Systems. 15 â€Å"Many public health agencies are examining their existing information systems and seeking to improve their ability to support programmatic needs to detect, assess, and respond to a range of threats to the public, including infectious diseases, pandemics, such as avian flu, bioterrorism, and chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and asthma. The challenges of transitioning from a paper environment to an electronic environment involve rethinking the workflow, staff skills, resources, habits, and culture of an organization†. 19 Electronic transmission of data from the clinical care settings to public health agencies via EHRS is essential to (1) support key public health functions and services and (2) supply public health data repositories, e. g. , registries, research databases, etc. , for aggregated analysis of the health status of populations. 20 Provision of real-time aggregated community-level information back to providers bi-directional EHRS-based data exchanges between public health practitioners and clinicians will inform clinical decision support, improve care coordination and response capabilities to a public’s health threat event. The integrated Electronic Health Record-Public Health (EHR-PH) systems will become the backbone of a NHIN and regional HIEs. Fig. 2 represents a schematic view of the difference between the current public health data reporting mechanism (Fig. 2a) and the future standardized EHR-PH health information exchange (Fig. 2b). When the EHR-PH connectivity is completed, various public health data systems will be able to electronically receive data from clinical EHRS, so when an authorized provider enters patient data into his/her EHRS, various public health programs as authorized users can receive/retrieve/view/access their data of interest. 21 To facilitate the development of interoperable EHR-PH systems there is a need for standardization of health information exchanges across the clinical and public health enterprise. The US Health Information Technology Standards Panel (HITSP) 22 identified the following categories of standards for system interoperability: 1. Data content standards, i. e. , vocabularies and terminology standards (CDA2, SNOMED, ICD, X12, NCPDP, Omaha, etc. ) 2. Information content standards (Reference Information Models (RIMs) standards) 3. Information exchange standards, e. g. , messaging standards (HL7) 4. Identifier standards, e. g. , National Provider Identifier (NPI) standard 5. Privacy and security standards the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy regulations provide a framework to protect privacy 19 Common Grounds: Transforming Public Health Information Systems. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2006 Call for Proposals. URL: rwjf. org 20 Public Health Data Standards Consortium. Electronic health record-public health perspectives. White Paper. PHDSC Ad Hoc Task Force on the Electronic Health Record-Public Health. March 9, 2004. : 27p. plus 9 Attachments. URL: phdsc. org/knowresources/papers/docsandpdfs/PHDSC_EHRPH_WhitePaper2004. pdf 21 Orlova AO, Dunnagan M, Finitzo T, Higgins M, Watkins T, Tien A, Beales S. An electroninc health recordpublic health (EHR-PH) system prototype for interoperability in 21st century health care systems. Am Med Inform Assoc. (AMIA), Annual Symposium, Proc. , 2005. 22 Health Information Technology Standards Panel (HITSP). American National Standards Institute (ANSI). URL: amsi/org/hitsp 16 confidentiality of personal information; however, they do not cover all potential actors in health data exchanges. 23 6. Functional standards, i. e. , workflow/dataflow standards 24 7. Other, i. e. , information technology infrastructure standards, interoperability standards (IHE). HIE Genetic Disorders Communicable Diseases Provider 1 Immunization Provider 3 Communicable Diseases CDA2 Provider 2 Vital Records Provider 1 Genetic Disorders HL7 Provider 2 Immunization Vital Records Provider 3 Injury Control Provider 4 X12 Injury Control Provider 4 School Health School Health NCPDP Chronic Diseases Chronic Diseases Provider X Biosurveilance, BT, Preparedness Provider X Biosurveilance, BT, Preparedness, Syndromic Surveillance LAB IHE HEDIS HEDIS a b Fig. 2. Health information exchanges between clinical care and public health agency: a – current paper form – based information exchange; b – standardized EHR-PH –based information exchange. Fig. 2b presents examples of standards (CDA2, HL7, X12, NCPDP, IHE) that the EHR-PH HIEs will have to support. To help facilitate the development of the standardized EHR-PH health information exchanges, it is critical to start a dialogue between the public health community and EHRS developers to assure that the work processes and data needs of public health stakeholders are well understood and agreed upon by stakeholders themselves and then communicated clearly to the developers of the interoperable EHR-PH systems. The section that follows presents two examples of the beginning of this dialogue by describing one of the public health domains in the IHE suggested framework for the technical tasks for information exchanges. 23 See ncvhs. hhs. gov/060622lt. htm Developing a Vision for Functional Requirements Specification for Electronic Data Exchange between Clinical and Public Health Settings: Examples of School Health and Syndromic Surveillance in New York City. Public health Data Standards Consortium. 2006, 40p plus attachments. 24 17 Technical Tasks for Information Exchanges: Examples of Public Health Domains IHE provided a list of Technical Tasks for the description of the information exchanges related to a domain as follows: 1. What is ? 2. Who are Stakeholders? Technical Tasks for Information Exchanges 3. Expressing the criteria 4. Selecting a site 5. Identifying a patient meeting certain criteria 6. Retrieving additional data elements (queries) 7. Reporting data elements (notifications) 8. Data review/feedback (filters) 9. Analysis/evaluation 10. Mapping 11. Aggregation/Reporting 12. Communication We used Immunization and Cancer Surveillance as examples of public health domains (Tables 1 2) and have attempted to describe them in terms of the IHE proposed technical tasks for information exchanges between clinical and public health EHR-PH systems. The section below includes the descriptions of the existing use cases and standards identified by the immunization domain and cancer surveillance experts to date as well as the existing IHE profiles applicable to these domains. It also includes the list of existing and emerging standards and possible future IHE profiles needed to meet the EHR of Immunization Domain 1) What is the Immunization Domain? Immunization is critical to control many infectious diseases including polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), rubella (German measles),

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Identify the GAAP used to create the financial plan, and provide one Assignment

Identify the GAAP used to create the financial plan, and provide one recommendation for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital based on their 2009 budget statement for improving - Assignment Example A financial plan is a succession of steps or objectives set by businesses or individuals to describe a progressive or cumulative attainment of a certain financial accomplishment (Lucy, 1999). These financial objectives and forecast are aimed at improving the financial position of the individual or organization through acquisition of new assets or elimination of debt. Various GAAP are instrumental in the preparation of GAAP. Principle of continuity- The principle of continuity assumes that the business or financial activities of an individual are continuous (Hirschey, 2009). This principle eliminates complexities that may be associated with discontinuity. Principle of periodicity- The principle of periodicity allows each accounting entry to be split according to periods. The principle also allows accountants to utilize the cyclic nature of business occurrences. Patton – Fuller community hospital has continuously provided quality medical services to people living in Kelsey and the immediate environment since 1975 (Apollo Group, 2006). To maintain its standards of operation, the hospital needs to have an economically viable financial plan. According to the 2009 budget plan, there is lack of consistency and continuity of the financial projections of the hospital. To maintain its position, the hospital needs to balance its organization and institutional roles. Financial accountants assume that a business will remain in operation within the forthcoming business period, when preparing its financial statements. On the other hand, the financial statements should indicate whether the business is likely to close down. In the 2009 financial budget, Patton – Fuller Hospital’s auditor did not evaluate the sustainability of the business in the near future. In this case, the auditor did not evaluate the hospitals

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Memo revision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Memo revision - Essay Example The parking here at DataTech is free unless you do not follow the parking guidelines. While we do not like resorting to these measures, when you do not follow the parking guidelines, we have to ticket you. However, since you are not following the policies, we have decided that it was time to send this reminder to make sure that you were aware of these policies in the future. Day-shift employees should park in Lots A and B in their assigned spaces. Employees that do not register their cars will be ticketed. Everyone must display the white parking stickers on the bumper of their cars. Also remember that it is a MAJOR violation if you park at the curb before 3:30 p.m. That area is reserved for visitors and swing-shift employees, who do not have assigned parking spaces. Please park in assigned spaces only. Swing-shift employees may park in any empty space after 3:30 p.m. They have the option to park at the curb before 3:30 p.m. if no spaces are available. However, please do not park in curb spaces marked for handicapped, van pool, or car pool vehicles. All employees must register their cars and display a parking sticker. These white registration stickers should be placed on your back bumper on the driver's side of the vehicle. You may pick them up in the Human Resources Division from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays. To make it more convenient for you, they will be in the cafeteria on September 10th from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. and from 3 to 5 p.m. We are trying our best not to issue tickets. You can help by following these suggestions, which can benefit everyone.

Monday, November 18, 2019

The accounting policies of Marks and Spencer Essay

The accounting policies of Marks and Spencer - Essay Example   The first part of the report analyses the development of two accounting policies regarding tangible fixed assets and intangible one. To make the analysis more critical, comparisons with the main competitors of Marks and Spencer are drawn illustrating the controversial development of the selected policies. The second part of the report deals with the analysis of transition from UK GAAP to IFRS with specific respect to the following issues: treatment for property, property leases, employee benefits, share-based payments, intangible assets, and financial instruments. During their lifetime companies acquire property, which should be treated as assets according to the accounting standards. Meanwhile most of the property types have a 'lifetime' span, a time period, called useful economic life, during which an asset is used. To reflect the useful economic life in financial statements, profit and loss account receives regular portion of the cost of an asset. This expense is known as depr eciation. In other words, depreciation represents the extent to which economic value of an asset has been consumed by the business. There are different accounting policies on depreciation, but the most commonly used two are straight line depreciation and reducing balance. The one that is used by Marks and Spencer is the straight line depreciation. "Depreciation is provided to write off the cost or valuation of tangible fixed assets, less residual value, by equal annual instalments" (Marks and Spencer, 2005a, p. 33). That means the company pays the cost of an asset minus its value after its useful economic life expires by equal portions annually. Thus, fixtures fittings and equipment as a type of property has useful economic life of 3-15 years in the accounting policy of Marks and Spencer - that means, during that time the company annually pays its cost less residual value divided into 3-15 equal portions. Another popular policy of depreciation is reducing balance. In this case the d epreciation in each year is calculated as the percentage of the un-depreciated value. For instance, if the purchase cost of an asset is 100 and the reducing balance rate is 20% then the first year depreciation is 100*0.2=20 and the second year depreciation is (100-20)*0.2=16. The reducing balance rule is used to reflect the fact that the value of some assets falls more rapidly in the first years of use than in the last ones. As can be seen in theory the reducing balance policy can go on forever, with annual portions reducing ad infinitum. Generally, after 95% of the initial cost has been depreciated all the rest is written off in the next portion. The difference of these two methods is as follows: while the straight line depreciation is the simplest of all methods, the reducing balance allows taking the advantage of larger tax deductions in early years.  

Friday, November 15, 2019

Conveyor Based Sorting System: Overview Detection Approach

Conveyor Based Sorting System: Overview Detection Approach Abstract: When the objects move on the conveyor belt, they fall into the receptacle at the end of the belt. Once the bin is filled the conveyor belt must stop in order not to overfill the bin. To make this possible we could use some sensors in the receptacle and link the belt and the weighing scale (on which the bin is placed) through programming so that when the receptacle reaches to certain weight the belt automatically stops. Some of the weighing sensors and level detectors are discussed in this report to reach a conclusion to decide the right method of approach to stop the overflowing of objects into the bin. Weight measuring sensors: There are various types of sensors used in measuring the weight of objects with different sizes and shapes. Strain gauges, load cells (of different types and shapes) and force sensors are some of the measuring sensors which are used in electronically weight measuring equipment. These sensors are installed in devices that measures the changes of force applied on them or the change of pressure on the particular spot of object or even the tension of the object. Our aim is to choose an approach for an overflow detection system when at the end of conveyor belt, the coloured objects are collected in a large bin. That is placed on the weighing device which accurately measures the weight of the bin/receptacle with the objects, and once its filled the conveyor belt/PLC stops and prevents the bins from overflowing. In this concept, to measure the weight, we could use different sensors like load cells of different types and strain gauges. 1.  Strain gauges: It is a device with varying resistance when certain amount of force or pressure, tension and weight is applied. It also converts them into measurable electrical resistance. This is the reason most of the load cells and electronically weight measuring scales are based on this strain gauge principle. Strain is a physical property of a material when it undergoes external displacement or deformation. Thus, this types of sensors can be used to measure both expansion and contraction. Strain gauge model The image1 above shows a typical metal-foil strain gauge which is widely available in the market. Strain gauges are mounted or glued to the surface of a solid material and when the material is compressed or stretched, the electrical resistance increases or decreases respectively. Generally, a Wheatstone bridge is used to change the varying resistance into varying voltage as the change in resistance is relatively small when using strain gauges to measure the weight of an object. Still, the output analogue signals are amplified further as this output signals from the Wheatstone bridge is still smaller when compared to the PLC in the design which is expected to be around 0 to 10V. The picture below shows the typical circuit of a strain gauge connected to the Wheatstone bridge (also known as Quarter bridge strain gauge circuit). The resulting output voltage is always a millivolt unit. Depending on the use of whole structure, the number of strain gauges connected to the Wheatstone bridge varies. Lets assume that, the weighing device below the receptacle/bin is fitted with the strain gauge, then every time an object falls into the bin causes a change in the tension in the gauge resulting a change in resistance. The picture2 below shows the typical assembly of strain gauge and Wheatstone bridge. The output voltage is normally measured using a voltmeter connected in circuit but can also be calculated using the following equation, The receptacle is assumed to be placed on the weighing scale which tends to be wider and a bit spacious which makes, using a single strain gauge to cover the whole space is not ideal. To improve the accuracy, we could use more than one strain gauge to cover the space on weighing scale. Advantages of strain gauge: Using strain gauges in the design have some pros and cons. Some of the advantages include, In a strain gauge, there are no moving parts but only a strip It is very small and easy to use on a piece of solid object When it comes to cost, its very inexpensive and easily available In our design, using more than one strain gauge to cover the weighing scale improves the accuracy. Disadvantages of strain gauge: The strain gauges need to be calibrated for it to work per desired design Overloading can be a problem; the strain gauges measure the stress on the scale in micro strain. Therefore, if the bin is slightly overfilled or even the load in it is beyond the limit then the results may be degraded. Just for a reference the limit normally be  ±3000 micro strain. If the wires of the get wet or not protected against humidity, the resulting electrical resistance might lead to parasitic results. If the design was to be open and wires are exposed to spillage which may cause errors in the result. 2.  Load cells: A load cell is a device which uses one or more strain gauges in its design to measure the force applied on the surface and change it into an electrical signal. Load cells can be in various types like hydraulic, pneumatic load cells, piezoelectric and capacitive load cells. Since it uses more strain gauges in the design which increases the accuracy of the model. Generally, Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) alloys are used in the construction of the strain gauge load cells. When the length changes in the electrical conductor due to the stress applied on the free end, the resistance of electrical conductor also changes. in strain gauge load cells, use of Cu and Ni in this model is beneficial as the applied strain is virtually proportional to the change in resistance. This change in resistance is used to measure the strain applied if its connected to appropriate measuring circuit. This is a model image3 of a binocular beam strain gauge load cell which is more than one strain gauge and when theres stress applied on the free end, stretch in the gauge causes change in electrical resistance and thus the weight of the bin is measured. Hydraulic load cells are also known as force balance devices, one of the types of load cells which measures the weight of an object as pressure changes in internal filling fluid. As the force or pressure changes on the loading surface, pressure of the fluid inside the cell is also increases. The image4 above is a simple design of hydraulic load cell with the hydraulic fluid inside. Advantages of load cells Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the load cells are discussed below. It comes in various shapes and sizes like rugged shape and its in compact construction Load cells doesnt have any moving parts inside the structural design Since they have wide surface area which also has wide range of measurement Since our design (assumed concept) has a static weighing machine below the receptacle, load cells can be used and they also be used in dynamic loading Load cells are highly accurate since the loading surface is solid and wide area which covers the loading surface of the weighing machine. Disadvantages of load cells Compared to the strain gauges, load cells are solid and larger in size and shape As they have a solid structure and of different shapes, it may be hard to mount on any surface Just like a strain gauge model, calibration with these load cells is also essential in the process of measuring the weight of the objects fall into the receptacle They are slightly expensive and a very costly signal conditioning 3.Force sensor resistor: Force sensor resistor which is also known as force sensitive resistor (FSR), is a resistor material where the resistance changes whenever the force or pressure changes on the surface. When compared to the strain gauges and load cells, FSR measures the compressing force or weight differently by directly correlating the strain of the beam to the applied force on the surface. Piezo-resistive force sensor is one of these types of force sensors. It is a strip of layers with different form of inks which can detect the applied force or stress on the material where the strip is attached to. The image5 blow shows the simple construction of a special FSR called Piezo resistive force sensor. Every time each object falls into the receptacle or bin, the force is applied on the surface of the weighing scale which then compresses two layers of pressure sensitive ink within the flexible and adhesive substrate layers in the sensor. This pressure creates the tension in the layers converts them into electrical signals which then can be calibrated just like the load cells with the help of programming with engineering force units. This is an image6 of a Round Force Sensitive Resistor (Model: Interlink 402 with  ½ the diameter sensing region from the measuring surface). Advantages of Force resistive sensor FSR are generally very small and thin (about 0.2mm) and very flexible in construction which allows them for unobtrusive measurements to be taken in practical application These types of sensors are programable and customizable per the specification of the design concept These sensors are very cost effective and readily available in the market They are also inexpensive in programming or signal conditioning in electronics They only consume very low power and its light weight as its very thin in structure Disadvantages In measuring weight or pressure applied these sensors are very inaccurate with the results like  ±5% of full scale than a load cell They are calibrated by us, the users, which can lead to manual errors whereas load cells are programmed by the manufacturers if ordered directly Different approach than programming: Level detectors: Other than using just weight sensors to detect the weight of the receptacle and stop the overflow when the objects are filled, we could also use some level detectors at the top of the bin to detect whether the objects have reached the top while the object fall into the bin from the conveyor belt. For an effective way of stopping the overflow, mix use of both level detectors and weight sensors would improve the accuracy to stop the overflow. A typical level detector is used to detect once the material is at the determined point within the receptacle which is also known as Point Level Sensor (PLS). These sensors can be used to detect the levels of the objects at high, low and intermediate levels of the bin. These also must be programmed or calibrated to the desired level in the bin for the accurate results. Image7 below shows the typical model of Rod pointing level sensor which can be used to measure the liquid, slurry materials, powders or solid objects levels in a vessel. This sensor has a self-built alarm and LED indicator which can be activated when the objects in the vessel reaches the desired indication point. It has no moving parts in the assembly and since its simple design which makes it easily mountable on any part of the receptacle to our desired level. This image8 shows the ways of mounting the sensors in various levels of the bin. Conclusion: Weighing scale and conveyor belt are linked through the program so that when the receptacle is filled and desired weight is reached, which then signals the conveyor belt to stop filling the bins. This is the assumed concept for which we were using weighting sensors to detect the weight of the bin and stop overflowing. For this we cant just use programming to stop the overflow we would also need some additional sensor to detect the weight or the maximum level that the objects can reach. Therefore, to achieve the higher accuracy we could use both level detecting sensors and weighing sensors in the concept to stop the overflow of objects. Load cells are preferable means of sensing the weight of the receptacle to stop the overflow. Load cells are the sensors with the solid base where more than one strain gauges are mounted which improves the accuracy of measuring the weight of the bin. If we use strain gauges to measure the weight, we would be using more and more strain gauges to cover the wide area where the bin is placed. This could increase the cost of the project and using more gauges may result to find the average value between them to detect the weight which not be accurate. Using more strain gauges may also result in massive circuits and lots of wires hanging all over the places. So, if theres any faults in the circuits, it may be hard to find it. Load cells are the right choice since they have no moving parts in them which makes them more easily mounted under the receptacles. Use of both load cells and Level detectors in the design may benefit the approach to stop the overflow of the objects from the receptacle. References: Appmeas.co.uk. (2017). Load Cells | Force Sensors | Force Transducers | Load Measurement. [online] Available at: http://www.appmeas.co.uk/load-cells-and-force-sensors.html?gclid=CLSe34mxzNICFQsR0wodQu8Nmw [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Binocular load cell. (2017). [image] Available at: http://www.instrumentationengineers.org/2013/07/load-cell-working-types-advantages-and.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017]. En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Wheatstone bridge. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Force sensor Construction. (2017). [image] Available at: https://www.tekscan.com/resources/ebook/load-cell-vs-force-sensor [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Hydraulic load cell model. (2017). [image] Available at: http://www.instrumentationengineers.org/2013/07/load-cell-working-types-advantages-and.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2017]. Level detector. (2017). [image] Available at: http://www.blueleveltechnologies.com/products/modelVHS.html [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Round FSR model 402. (2017). [image] Available at: https://www.adafruit.com/product/166 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Strain gauge. (2017). [image] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/mac899/strain-gauge-23842407 [Accessed 9 Mar. 2017]. Tekscan. (2017). Load Cell Vs. Force Sensor. [online] Available at: https://www.tekscan.com/resources/ebook/load-cell-vs-force-sensor [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017]. Us, C. (2017). Load cell working, types advantages and disadvantages. [online] Instrumentation Engineering. Available at: http://www.instrumentationengineers.org/2013/07/load-cell-working-types-advantages-and.html [Accessed 12 Mar. 2017].

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Organizational Testing and Assessment Essay -- Human Resource Manageme

Many organizations use some descriptive tests in their development and recruitments of employees at all levels. This is common for persons applying for top management positions, as an error in recruitment will cause a significant impact in any organization. Tests for selection and recruitments assist a company to make an informed choice between candidates on their strength or weakness. In carrier, professional counseling candidates tests on their work values, interest, and preparedness in their new position. Some of the considerations made are the client’s interest, measured by strong interest inventory and use of carrier development inventories (Zunker, 2001). Experience has shown that the main barriers to improved organization practices are not technical rather than planning. This is associated in changing the management perception, overcoming peoples resistant to change and implementation of practical processes and management controls. Intelligence testing dwells on a candidate problem solving ability and mental sanity. The intelligence quotient though variable to different individuals is used. Intelligence manifests itself over the life span and includes the ability to logically reason, acquire, and apply knowledge, sound judgment, paying attention, use of initiations and attentiveness and ability to cope and make use of unfamiliar situations (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). For candidates who have a speech impediment, non-verbal assessment of ability or intelligence is used (Zunker, 2001). Intelligence definition is not definite but includes the capacity and ability to acquire and apply, exhibit sound judgment, to be intuitive and be able to cope with different situations and different circumstances. (Carroll, 2012). The factorial ... ...rs and human resources departments to make the right choices in achieving organization goals. The employer gets the best compatibility between jobs and employee. References Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2010). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Carroll, J.B. (2012). The Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities: Contemporary Intellectual Assessment. New York: The Guilford Press. Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2003). Personality Traits. London: Cambridge University Press. Worcester Polytechnic Institute (n.d), Performance Appraisal Process. Web. April 10, 2012. Retrieved from, http://www.wpi.edu/Admin/HR/performance-appraisal.html. Zunker, V. G. (2001). Career counseling: Applied concepts of life planning. (6th ed.). Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks/Cole.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Evaluate Social Identity Theory Essay

Social identity theory is designed by Tajfel and Turner (1979) to explain how it is that people develop a sense of membership and belonging in particular groups, and how the mechanics of intergroup discrimination. Several interconnected mechanisms are at work with social identity theory. The core idea is that people tend to seek out-group membership as an affirmation of self-esteem, but that membership in a group alone is not enough to build self-esteem. To feel more self esteem, people have to believe that they are in the right group, which creates the need for a positive distinction from other groups. There are three cognitive processes that are Social Categorisation, Social Identification and Social Comparison. Tajfel and his colleagues divided some schoolboys in to 2 different groups, they allocated them randomly into the groups but the participants thought that the groups were defined by their preferences to paintings. They had to give out points to the in-group and the out-group but were not allowed to give points to themselves. The participants would favour people in their group rather than the participants of the other group. In many cases the participants would sacrifice points for their group just to increase the difference between the groups. The participants would give 7 points to their own group and give the other group 1, although they could have given 13 to each group. This shows that you can be easily be put in a group for a minor thing and you would stick together and go against the other group and see them as the enemy without having any real reason. Caroline Howarth carried out the second research. The participants all lived in the Brixton area, which was seen as a poor and violent place and also where a lot of black people were thought to have lived there and were thought of being the main cause of violence. Within the first set of focus groups (total of 7), she asked teenagers to talk about Brixton, she asked them to ‘tell me about Brixton – what it is like for you to live here and how people outside Brixton think about Brixton’. Howarth used a topic guideline to ensure that central research questions were always covered (on community, inclusion, exclusion, identity, ethnicity, the media, prejudice, racism, the school). The organisation of focus groups into friendship groups made it possible for participants to discuss these experiences with admirable confidence, maturity and understanding. It can, nonetheless, be difficult for the social researcher to access such sensitive material. When the moderator is an outsider and when research participants assume (often correctly) that the researcher has little experience of the kind of discrimination and challenges to self-esteem that pervade their lives, mistrust and suspicion may harm the research relationship. The girls answered positively and were happy to be from Brixton and did not want to move away and did not see any problems. This would shock people, as they would have thought people would move away if they had the chance. They are creating a social identity, as they are happy to be a part of the Brixton identity. There are some problems with this study as there are some ethical issues, they were deceived as they were lied to in the Tajfel study as they were just randomly picked and had nothing to do with their views on the paintings. Whereas the Howarth study they were not deceived which is a good way to carry out a study but they might have lied with their answers to please the examiner and have changed their behavior to be positive and not how that even the people who live there think the same as everyone else. Both of these studies are valid as the research supports the theory and the results can be applied to everyday life. The Tajfel study shows how people at school in the playground group and pick the group they have the most in common with and communicate with them and if they do not seem to have anything in common they would not stay there. The second study by Howarth can also be applied in everyday life as people create social identity all the time, if a place is thought of negatively by people who do not live their then the people who do can make a social identity and be happy and have positive thoughts about this area and not agree with the others. The theory seems to be a good and plausible theory as the research supports the theory that people automatically divide the social world into the in-group (people like me) and the out-group (people who are not like me). The people see the people in their group as similar to them but 2 different groups seem to be so different from each other when not in all cases they are that different from each other.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Impact of Very Light Jets on Small Airports

The Impact of Very Light Jets on Small Airports Free Online Research Papers Very Light Jets are the way of the future. These small 4-6 passenger jet aircraft will improve on everyday personal and business travel. If you have not already heard of these amazing aircraft you soon will. The jets are said to weigh approximately as much as a minivan at maximum weight of only ten thousand pounds they will be the Sport Utility Vehicles of our skies. By the year 2016 the Federal Aviation Administration is predicting that four thousand five hundred Very Light Jets will be in operation. The new airplanes will be flying to and from non-congested, underused airports; while this is great in the way of congestion and gridlock at the major hub airports it means that these less used airports are going to have to undergo major changes in order to ready themselves for the up coming aircraft. Aviation has always had stability issues, but typically there has been growth throughout its history. Traveling by air will always be the most time efficient form of travel. With this said there is still a need for improvement. Although flying reduces actual in route time, the time it takes to get to the airport and jump the hurdles of the big airport environment has increased significantly since September 11. There are people that travel frequently and require a form of expedited travel. Business jets or corporate flights are options but can be costly which makes it out of reach for the average person. Very Light Jets (VLJs) will bridge the gap between commercial air carrier service and corporate flight by being cost effective and time efficient. The economic growth that VLJs are expected to bring is already showing the world its possibilities. In June of 2006, DayJet announced that they have chose to open a point-to-point, on demand jet service in Tallahassee, Florida in addition to Boca Raton, Gainesville, Lakeland, and Pensacola. Tallahassee is projected to receive a total annual economic impact in excess of $16 million from the arrival of DayJet within its first three years of operation. (Close D. DeMichele B., 2006). Within the communities served by DayJet there will be locations for new and expanding businesses due to the improved workforce mobility, market convenience and productivity of employment. In addition to DayJet’s direct economic contributions through petroleum, rent and employment, travelers using the per-seat, on-demand services, also referred to as Air Taxis will cause increased utilization of airport-related services, including rental lots and taxi services. With the arrival of DayJet, the state of Florida expects two thousand employment opportunities for high skilled, high waged employees. Operators of air taxis will be centering their maintenance amenities and aircrafts within a number of communities that they will be serving. The personnel connected with these operations will live within the communities. This will add jobs to the local economy, including customer service and ground personnel, pilots, and maintenance workers. According to calculations by Virginia Polytechnic Institute, who separates VLJ service into three categories; per seat on-demand, service and maintenance facilities (type one); per seat on-demand, service only (type two) and destination or aircraft charter service only (type three). By 2017 there will be a need for one hundred eighteen pilots, twenty maintenance workers and six ground staff for type one, and additional forty seven pilots and six ground members will be need from type two service and none needed within the type three service. Direct impacts on the local economies would also include the salaries and benefits associated with these j obs as well as other spending by air taxi operators on aircraft maintenance, fuel, and aircraft landing and overnight parking fees. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). It is indicated that spending will total over $5.8 million annually by 2017 within a type two community and close to $16 million within type one communities. Benefits to communities with no based aircraft (Type 3) would be small, by contrast, due to the fact that spending directly related to VLJ operations would be limited to landing and overnight fees. Even fuel purchases at these airports would be limited as refueling would most likely occur at the airports where the aircraft are based. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). Along with job positions made available for pilots, maintenance workers and ground staff. The new VLJ operators will have positions open for airport mangers, janitorial services and light catering or vending services. We will also see an indirect impact on the local communities, passengers who travel within the VLJ communities will spend their money on a number of other services as well. VLJ customers will need to arrange for means of transportation in the way of taxis, rental cars or limousine rentals. Those staying for more than a single day will also purchase hotel accommodations, although it may be that some travelers will take advantage of the flexible travel schedule allowed by VLJs to make their return trip sooner, where the longer travel times of automobiles or the less flexible schedule of regular air carriers would have resulted in them staying in the community for an additional night. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). Passengers will also obtain food and beverages and are sure to visit local shopping centers and small retail stores. Not only will travelers using VLJs spend within these community bases, but the employees of the VLJ operators will also spend a good portion of their wages locall y within the area they work and live. This cycle will continue by local businesses spending a portion of the income made within the local community, leading to more job openings with in other companies due to increased sales. (Eclipse Aviation, 2006). Not only will there be a large impact on small local areas but on the nations economys well. A large number of qualified personnel will be necessary in order to produce the aircraft and the operations of these services. VLJs will be operating out of airports that could not be of service to most other passenger aircraft. In March of 2006 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) screened candidates in the following areas, public use, location, runway length of at least three thousand five hundred feet, paved runway, width of at least seventy-five feet and runway edge lights. Only two thousand and seventy four airports out of more then nineteen thousand (most are private) met these standards. Modernizing airport communications is essential. The FAA has begun replacing its old radar-based ground stations with newer equipment that uses global positioning satellites. With a more accurate picture of air traffic, controllers will be able to land more planes per hour by squeezing them together. (Business Weekly, 2006). At a cost of near $600 million, the first stage of renovation will be complete in the year 2010. Carriers are trying to influence Congress on the way air traffic control systems are funded an d to charge private aircraft more than they are paying now in order to help pay for the over all renovation. Most of the VLJs will have superior avionics as optional or standard equipment. As to equipage, most VLJs will include advanced integrated avionics as standard or optional equipment. For example, the Eclipse will be equipped to support: 1. Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) for precision surveillance monitoring 2. Dual GPS with wide area augmentation system (WAAS) for precision navigation 3. Auto-throttles, advanced cockpit automation system color weather radar 4. Dual flight management systems (FMS) for trajectory-based operations in today’s environment and in the new generation army target system (NGATS) of tomorrow 5. Data link communications capability to connect to tomorrow’s network centric asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) architecture. The VLJ will perceive itself to be better prepared then most of todays commercial aircrafts. In short, the typical VLJ will distinguish itself as better equipped than many of the aircraft in today’s commercial fleets. (Robinson Planzer, 2006). Many VLJ pilots are expected to be aviators who are stepping up from turboprops and single-engine piston-powered aircraft and may be interested in operating the new light twinjets as single pilots in the high-altitude, high-speed environment. (NBAA, 2004). Because of this reason, pilots will need to undergo more in-depth training. Before undergoing in a very light jet education classes, an initial evaluation to determine ability in a number of areas must be given. These include flight skills assessment, practical in-flight exam to test instrument skills and airman ship, oral exam to evaluate judgment skills, written exam to determine aeronautical knowledge. A significant part for the safe operation of the VLJ will be in the understanding gained from post rating training. The post rating training should include, winter operations, summer operations, Crew Resource Management (CRM) and Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) applications, establishing personal operating minimums and fati gue. The manufacturer’s training can be described as the â€Å"nuts and bolts† portion of the training. It is technical in nature and designed to instruct the student on the specific aircraft. (NBAA, 2005). The class is to contain maneuvers, pre-training study package review and testing, aircraft systems, aircraft servicing, auto flight skills, avionics and navigation, emergency and abnormal procedures, limitations and specifications, oxygen, placards and maintenance requirements, fuel, oil, hydraulic fluid, tires, potable water and lavatory. There will also be a need for an annual recurrent training in addition to the initial training needed. There has been great concern that traffic in the skis will become very congested once VLJs are in operation. These concerns come from both the growing number of jets and the slower mach .64 speeds at with they fly. Thankfully, this presumption is not the case. While from time to time, VLJ will need to fly at a higher altitude current FMS have technology already established to allow faster moving aircrafts to move around slower moving ones. In fact, even if a VLJ operator decides to operate into a hub airport, that operation will not cause congestion. â€Å"The effect of VLJ operations into hub airports will be minimal for a number of reasons: VLJ pilots will need adequate prior experience and will receive rigorous training, equivalent in many cases to that for commercial pilots; VLJ aircraft will have advanced integrated avionics to provide enhanced pilot situational awareness, enable seamless traffic flow integration and optimal spacing with commercial traffic flows; VLJs are cap able of operating at speeds compatible to those of commercial jet aircraft, throughout the terminal area and until well inside the final approach fix; VLJ climb and descent rates are compatible with commercial turbojet aircraft; VLJ aircraft can land and depart safely using shorter runways, unusable by commercial jet traffic. (Raburn, 2006). Because VLJ are traveling shorter routes, under six hundred statutes they will travel at a lower altitude for the most part. They will also be flying to and from smaller underused airports cutting congestion. The VLJ will use their aircrafts to go to places commercial flights do not, thus avoiding the congestion associated with the larger hubs. The reality is that there is significant available airspace to accommodate these new aircraft. (Raburn, 2006). You have to remember that airspace is not a two lane high way it is three-dimensional. VLJ are able of getting out of the way of larger or faster flying aircrafts, moving around airspace is some thing aircrafts do day in and day out. As you can see there are many opportunities for local communities to grow economically, which are needed in this current economy. There are no real concrete plans that were found to welcome this form of travel to this region, but one can expect big developments. Air travel is big right now and people will definitely embrace a more convenient way to fly. References (2006, Febuary 26). ST Engineering and Adam Aircraft sign strategic partnership for very light jet and piston aircraft. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from Singapore Technologies areospace Web site: staero.aero/www/newsevents_newsarticle.asp?newsid=OTAwMDAwMDA4Mwarc=bm8 Bodeen, C Flight Simulators and VLJ Training. Very Light Jet Magazine, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from verylightjetmagazine.com/articles/2006_08a.pdf Business Weekly, (2006, June 5). Snarl In The Sky. NEWS: ANALYSIS COMMENTARY, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_23/b3987036.htm Close, D., DeMichele, B (2006, June 14). DayJet Names Tallahassee as a DayPort Location. Dayjet. Eclipse Aviation, (2006, May 10). The Economic Impact of Very Light Jets. Retrieved November 19, 2006, from eclipse aviation Web site: eclipseaviation.com/files/pdf/EconomicImpactOfVLJs.pdf Infanger, J. F. (2006, Arpil 4). Airport Business. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from Theres Change in the Wind Web site: airportbusiness.com/publication/article.jsp?pubId=1id=4727 Raburn, V. (2006). New Aircraft In The US Aviation System. Robinson, J, L. Planzer, (2006). N Very Light Jets Impact on NAS Operations. Salamone, M., Potential Impacts of Very Light Jets on U.S. Airports. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from TRB Web site: trb.org/trbnet/projectdisplay.asp?projectid=125 Sharkey, J. (2006, March 9). Standing on a Runway Hailing an Air Taxi. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from CASA Web site: casa.aero/news.asp?news_id=42display=yes Strait, B. Very Light Jets And Aviation Safety. Very Light Jet Magazine, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from verylightjetmagazine.com/articles.php?art=2006_04a Strait, B. Very Light Jets The New Air Transport Technology. Very Light Jet Magazine, Retrieved November 17, 2006, from verylightjetmagazine.com/articles.php?art=2006_01 NBAA, (2005, January). NBAA Training Guidelines for. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from NBAA News Web site: http://web.nbaa.org/public/ops/safety/vlj/VLJ_Training_Guidelines.pdf NBAA, (2004, October 13). Safety Town Hall Meeting Focuses on VLJs. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from NBAA News Web site: http://web.nbaa.org/public/cs/amc/2004/articles/safety.php Research Papers on The Impact of Very Light Jets on Small AirportsNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesDefinition of Export QuotasThe Project Managment Office System

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond Essays

The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond Essays The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond Paper The Griesly Wife, Frankie and Johnny and The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The Griesly Wife is a great poem which reveals a significant moral in life. This ballad says that forcing a woman into something which you desire and she does not is a wrong thing; there are different consequences and results of your off-balance actions. The poem has us paying attention to a serious scenario which teaches us a lesson. This ballad has a man punished for his mislead mistakes, having not known that his wife was not ready to be in his arms just yet. Emotions and feelings are thoroughly twisted to hold the readers attention. This poem is the original version unlike stories which change along the line. There are descriptions about the night and how the newly married bride ran away. She ran away barefooted as she did not want to wake the man, this was the purpose of the bride. In the third stanza we can understand that the man tries to catch up with the wife but he cant. As he cannot find his wife he gets angry. He trod the trail wherever it turned means that he searched everywhere for his wife. His wife had travelled a distance barefooted as this is mentioned in the second stanza The young wife went with never a word barefooted to the door. He was alone on the path, but he still kept up the search. He attempted every more and kept on eye on the footsteps as the floor was buried in snow. Echoes and voices bounced back at him, this is a translation to And still he called her name but only the dingoes of the hill yowled back at him again. As the search went deeper and deeper through the night, the man realizes he was following the steps of an animal, thoughts and questions must have appeared in his head, but the poor man knew it was too little too late. His head was telling him one thing, but his heart was saying another, the man was suffocating with emotions, the poem penalizes love and romance but it shows clear declarations that love is blind and lying results to major consequences as he dies from the hands of his wife/werewolf. Frankie and Johnny is a classic olden ballad which tells us about a woman who shoots her lover for cheating. Its based on a true story and has been rewritten by countless writers; this has been an outstanding ballad through many pages of life. The poem has many fabulous features about it such as refrain in every paragraph, but this changes as the poem progresses. Frankie and Johnny were loving lovers, and the poem also says that They swore to be true to each other and they are compared to a simple simile As true as the stars above. That simile has two truths to it, 1) the stars are really true and so are Frankie and Johnny. 2) The stars are said to be true but they arent, which means Frankie and Johnny arent. Number 2, is a form of oxymoron as stars are generally true but in this case they are not. Another fantastic feature is that there is rhyme forced on the line of every two sentences. This makes sure that the ballad flows properly. It has a steady beat to the poem which makes it a lively poem. The poem builds itself slowly and it exposes the truth hidden behind the words of Johnny. The truth is that Johnny was having an affair with another girl called Nelly Bly; this is said in stanza 3. In paragraph 4 it reveals Frankies anger as she carries a gun with her while shes trying to track down Johnny. Then in stanza 6, the wait is over and Johnny is seen by the eyes of Frankie, she peeps through the door keyhole and there he was on the sofa right next to Nelly Bly. The words point out that Frankie could not hold herself back anymore and her emotion pierced Johnny with a bullet. In the tenth stanza, Frankie volunteers to take her Johnny to the graveyard and she cries she wont bring him back. She was willing to go into jail and suffer for her bad sins, but maybe this relieved her and gave her a bitter peace. In one of the paragraphs the refrain is She shot her man cause he done her wrong. Those few words tell us a basic definition of the truth. A few sentences down the ballad talks of Frankies life in jail, it mentions that she has no luxury in there. She says there aint no good in a man. I had a man but he done me wrong. Her punishment was to sit in the electric chair and she was waiting there restlessly to go and meet her god. The last few lines of the poem say This story has no moral, this story has no end, this story only goes to show that there aint no good in men. This is similar to The Griesly Wife because in both ballads there is a couple in the start but, in the end there is only half of the jigsaw left. In both poems one of the two goes on the search for the other, and both poems end in a punishment, in this poem the electric chair is used and in The Griesly Wife, murder was involved. The last ballad which I am going to compare is The Ballad of Charlotte Dymond. Charlotte Dymond, a domestic servant aged eighteen, was murdered near Rowtor Ford on Bodwin Moor on Sunday 14 April 1844 by her young man: a crippled farm-hand, Mathew Weeks, aged twenty-two. A stone marks the spot. These last sentences just written was the introduction of the poem, this may have been evidence shown in a newspaper article or a magazine which involved news. The poem gave us a head start as it revealed the purpose of the poem at the beginning. The first few paragraphs described the crime scene and the day, this says it was a normal sunny day, but the victim not knowing a huge thunderstorm was slowly approaching. A similarity noticed here is that rhyme also is shown in every paragraph, in every two lines. Another sad thing noticed in the first paragraph is that it says the day was Sunday, for many Christians such as Charlotte Dymond is a day where rest is used and a visit to the local church happens, having a death on a Sunday is highly depressing for a Christian. A few paragraphs down, other techniques have been spotted, in stanza 4, her purse is repeatedly been mentioned, such as In her purse was her pride. Is this showing a sign of her cheating on him early on, is the poem asking rhetorical questions? The ballad then tells us that she is walking alongside her lover. In paragraph 6, indications of murder were occurring. Through the Sunday mist, never saw the razor, waiting at his wrist. The mist was blocking her vision literally and figuratively, a good sentence from the poet. The next paragraph talks about what happened after the incident, but how the incident happen is not told, this makes the reader feel mysterious and spooked. The poet then uses similes and metaphors in the next 2-3 paragraphs; the purpose of them is to build tension in the readers mind. Your face the colour of clay. This brings a strong image of remorse and sorrow. In another line there is rhyme used in the same line, this is good use of rhyme as it turns pressure on your thoughts. Take me home cried Charlotte, I lie here in the pit. This makes Charlottes voice come through and it breaks through the thread of silence which kept the poem to a low tone level. The screaming from Charlotte creates drama and the atmosphere would suddenly rise. My naked neck is split. This brings up a sexual image of Charlotte, but keeping in mind she is screaming, so this phrase is not used for pleasure. The paragraphs suddenly evolved and turned into sorrow monsters, many words symbolised her idealising in death. Style and personification held a cloud over the paragraphs and for a few paragraphs there was only those two techniques ruling. This is different from the other ballads as the other ballads flowed really well in similar emotions, such as The Griesly Wife, sorrow was filling the poem and only that was there, but in this poem happiness started the poem, but that happiness transformed into grief. As Mathew turned to Plymouth. Mathew decided to make a move and escape from the prison, he thought he could be clever and run from the police, The cold and cunning constable, Up to him did go: In that sentence alliteration made sure we were back to reality, it released the ballad from the dream that personification and style were drawing. The poem says that Mathew was summoned in court and he backed up his victim and described her like natural imagery. That round her neck I drew. He said this in his explanation to the court. It says The only sin upon her skin is that she loved another. This was the reason why he decided to kill his beloved Charlotte. Another technique was then used called Oxymoron and here is how it was used They sent him smartly up to heaven and dropped him down to hell. In the last paragraph, the standard remained high as alliteration was produced, Where stands the sacred snow. And the salt sea-winds go. This poem was highly unique but again there were several similarities, in all the poems there was a man and woman but one of them got killed. Rhyme was used in every paragraph in all the poems. This is my personal opinion, the ballad that I really enjoyed reading was The Griesly wife as it was short and catchy and it seemed to be really straightforward, horror was used in the end of the poem and this became the heart of the poem, I liked the rhyme and it all did the job.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Distance versus Intimacy in child raising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Distance versus Intimacy in child raising - Essay Example We thrust our intellectual prudence in to the brains of our children. To emphasize the psychological well being of children, the arguments made by two authors namely, Lisa Firestone and Steve Nelson are now taken for debate. Although both the authors want the parents to focus on the emotional aspects of their children, they differ in the execution modality. Firestone advocates an attentive caring on children in her essay How To Raise an Emotionally Healthy Child. However, Nelson encourages an autonomous style of living for children in his essay Leave Your Child Alone. To reach the focal point of robust child rearing, both the authors traverse in two opposite directions. FIRESTONE SUMMARY Lisa Firestone asserts through her essay that communication is the key to understanding the way children respond with their emotions. She claims that parents should be aware of emotional problems that can go untreated. For example, when television, video games or excessive eating to cope with emotion s such as fear, anger, or anxiety that they might be avoiding overly consumes a child. Firestone’s rational on the subject is directed to children that regress rather than progress and challenge unpleasant emotions. She also proposes parents to intervene to help children address the source of unwanted feelings and what to do with them.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Analysis of an Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of an Advertisement - Essay Example It has been observed for a long period of time that there is more information that audience derives from the advertisements presented by the media than the common outward message that is displayed to the casual eye. Advertisements, similar to any other forms of communication, functions best when they strike the desires of the audience. The general ambience of the advert is that which triggers excitement from the audience. The advert exhibits a world of happiness that eliminates technological strain with the introduction of a multitasking device (Barnet and Bedau 138). The mood created by the advert is majorly depicted through the use of a variety of colors which may be attributed to the universality of the device. The employment of a variety of colors in the advert draws the attention and feelings of a majority of the audience who may have different tastes and preferences as regards colors (Barnet and Bedau 143). The advert also creates a mood of acceptance of the product on display by exposing much more than the customers may have in their expectations. This has been achieved through revealing a number of features besides the primary ones that appear on the screen. This paints an image of an extra ability of the device to perform much more operations in a better and a more efficient manner. In addition to the use of colors to attain the attention of the audience to the appealing product, there is also the use of many symbols and signs which depict or make communications to the target audience (Barnet and Bedau 165). ... for a long period of time that there is more information that audience derives from the advertisements presented by the media than the common outward message that is displayed to the casual eye. Advertisements, similar to any other forms of communication, functions best when they strike the desires of the audience. The general ambience of the advert is that which triggers excitement from the audience. The advert exhibits a world of happiness that eliminates technological strain with the introduction of a multitasking device (Barnet and Bedau 138). The mood created by the advert is majorly depicted through the use of a variety of colors which may be attributed to the universality of the device. The employment of a variety of colors in the advert draws the attention and feelings of a majority of the audience who may have different tastes and preferences as regards colors (Barnet and Bedau 143). The advert also creates a mood of acceptance of the product on display by exposing much more than the customers may have in their expectations. This has been achieved through revealing a number of features besides the primary ones that appear on the screen. This paints an image of an extra ability of the device to perform much more operations in a better and a more efficient manner. In addition to the use of colors to attain the attention of the audience to the appealing product, there is also the use of many symbols and signs which depict or make communications to the target audience (Barnet and Bedau 165). With the roles these symbols and signs play in the advert, they have a remarkable impact on the general perception of the product on advert. Such symbols include those standing for the feature like facebook (f), yahoo (Y!), Google (g), the image of an envelope for text and